Affiliations

¹ Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia | ² Cardiometabolic Working Group Study, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia | ³ Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Poltekkes Kemenkes Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia | ⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia |⁵ Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital‐Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia | ⁶ Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Cimahi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia | 7 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Background

• Adipokines are dysregulated in obesity and worsen pro-inflammatory conditions.
• Previous findings on adipokine levels in obesity have been inconsistent.

Methods

• Systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42024525103) of adiponectin, leptin, FGF21, GDF15, IL-6, and TNF-α.
• Searches to August 25, 2025; 30 studies in the review and 16 in the meta-analysis, using a random-effects model.

Key Results

• Adiponectin was significantly lower in people with obesity.
• Leptin, TNF-α, and FGF21 were significantly higher.
• No significant differences were found for GDF15 and IL-6.

Discussion & Conclusion

• Adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and FGF21 show consistent patterns and may serve as biomarkers for obesity-related risk profiling.
• GDF15 and IL-6 vary by context, and further prospective cohort studies are needed.

Related SDGs

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being – Advancing biomarkers for obesity-related disease risk

Journal Information

Journal: Obesity Science and Practice

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.70113